tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12310199518515891862024-03-12T21:36:55.383-07:00riza nur cahyaningtyasRiza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-43721692451378578882017-01-16T03:02:00.001-08:002017-01-16T03:02:18.161-08:00PERPINDAHAN KALOR<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kalor berpindah dari benda yang bersuhu tinggi ke benda yang bersuhu
rendah. Jika kita memegang es, panas dari tangan akan berpindah ke es hingga es
mencair. Kalor berpindah melalui 3 cara yaitu konduksi, konveksi, dan radiasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konduksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konduksi adalah p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erpindahan
panas melalui bahan tanpa disertai dengan perpindahan partikel-partikel bahan
tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Energi dipindahkan ketika partikel-partikel behan
bergerak dengan kecepatan yang berbeda. Ketika partikel bergerak cepat
bertumbukan dengan partikel-partikel yang bergerak lamabat, akan terjadi
perpindahan panas dari partikel yang bergerak cepat ke partikel yang bergerak
lambat. Konduksi panas dapat terjadi pada zat padat, cair, dan gas. Zat padat
lebih baik dalam mengonduksi panas dari pada zat cair dan zat gas. Contoh:
kalor berpindah dari setrika ke kain. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benda yang
jenisnya berbeda memiliki kemampuan menghantarkan panas secara konduksi yang
berbeda pula.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konduktor adalah b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahan
yang mampu menghantarkan panas dengan baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.
Isolator adalah b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahan yang mampu menghantarkan panas
dengan b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">uruk. Bahan konduktor dan Isolator antara lain: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konduktor</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kemampuan menghantar kalor semakin baik dari yang terbaik
adalah perak, tembaga, emas, aluminium, baja, dan timbal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 177.2pt 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Isolator</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm 177.2pt 184.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kemampuan menghantarkan kalor semakin buruk dari yang
terburuk adalah hampa, udara, stiroform, kayu, bata, dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konveksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konveksi adalah perpindahan kalor melalui suatu zat yang
disertai perpindahan-partikel benda tersebut. Perpindahan kalor secara konveksi
dapat terjadi jika zat mengalami pemanasan. Pemanasan menyebabkan perbedaan
massa jenis antara bagian zat yang dipanaskan secara langsung dan bagian zat
yang lebih dingin. Bagian zat yang dipanaskan akan memiliki massa jenis yang
lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan bagian zat yang lebih dingin. Zat yang
mengalami perpindahan kalor secara konveksi, misalnya fluida (air dan udara). Peristiwa
konveksi lebih cepat terjadi dalam udara dibandingkan dalam air. Hal ini karena
udara mengalami pemuaian yang lebih besar jika dipanaskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perpindahan
kalor dari satu tempat ke tempat lain bersama dengan gerak partikel-partikel
bendanya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Contohnya: air yang dipanaskan. Air bagian bawah
mendapatkan kalor dari pemanas. Air bagian bawah akan naik ke atas dan air yang
bagian atas akan turun ke bawah. Konveksi dimanfaatkan pada berbagai peralatan
antara lain pengering rambut dan oven. Konveksi udara dapat dijumpai pada
hal-hal berikut antara lain: terjadi angin darat dan angin laut. Cerobong asap
pabrik, dan pengharum ruangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Arus konveksi dapat terjadi di pantai. Air konveksi akan
terjadi angin darat dan air laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Angin darat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Angin darat
terjadi malam hari. Daratan lebih cepat dingin dari pada lautan. Udara di atas
lautan lebih hangat dan bergerak naik, digantikan oleh udara dari daratan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Angin laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Angin
laut terjadi pada siang hari. Daratan lebih cepat panas dari pada lautan. Udara
di atas daratan panas dan bergerak naik, digantikan udara dari laut.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Radiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Radiasi adalah p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erpindahan kalor
tanpa memerlukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">zat perantara. Perpindahan
panas secara radiasi hanya terjadi dalam gas maupun dalam ruang hampa udara.
Perpindahan panas dengan radiasi dapat melalui ruang hampa udara, artinya
berlangsung tanpa perlu zat perantara. Pancaran radiasi dari sinar matahari ini
adalah pancaran gelombang elektromagnet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erpindahan kalor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari matahari sampai ke
bumi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Benda dapat memancarkan radiasi kalor dan menyerap
radiasi kalor. Benda radiasi kalor bergantung pada suhu benda dan warna benda. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suhu dingin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
suhu dingin benda akan menyerap radiasi kalor. Makin rendah suhu benda, makin
besar pula kalor yang diterima dari lingkungan. Makin luas permukaan benda
dingin, makin besar pula kalor yang diterima dari lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suhu panas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: -265px; margin-top: 223px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 179px; z-index: 251669504;"><img alt="Text Box: Gambar 7. Suhu panas" height="41" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" width="179" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada suhu panas benda akan memancarkan radiasi kalor. Makin
panas benda dibandingkan dengan panas lingkungan sekitar, makin besar pula
kalor yang diradiasikan ke lingkungan. Makin luas permukaan benda panas, makin
besar pula kalor yang diradiasikan ke lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada saat menjemur baju, baju yang berwarna lebih gelap,
lebih cepat kering. Makin gelap benda yang terasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>panas, makin besar pula kalor yang
diradiasikan ke lingkungan. Makin gelap benda yang terasa dingin, makin besar
pula kalor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang diterima dari
lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Termos dapat mencegah perpindahan kalor baik secara
konduksi, konveksi, dan radiasi. Termos terdapat bagian-bagian antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sumbat dibuat dari
plastik atau gabus. Bahan ini isolator yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Celah antara gelas
dengan wadah luar dibuat hampa udara. Jadi tidak ada penghantar panas secara
konduksi dan konveksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dua lapis gelas,
gelas isolator panas yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gelas dilapisi
perak yang mengkilat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wadah luar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Daftar Pustaka:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tim
Abdi Guru. 2013. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IPA Terpadu Jilid 1
Kelas VII SMP/MTs.</i> Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Widodo W, Fida R, & Siti N.H. 2016. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Kelas VII Semeter 1
SMP/MTs.</i> Jakarta: Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukaan, Balitbang, Kemdikbud.</span></div>
Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-37485844322053076092016-10-09T16:09:00.000-07:002016-10-09T16:09:12.756-07:00KULTUR JARINGAN<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809062"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808737"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808638"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805531"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789987"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789602"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450711115"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengertian
Kultur Jaringan</span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450711116"></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kultur adalah budidaya dan jaringan, hal tersebut
merupakan sekelompok sel yang mempunyai bentuk dan fungsi yang sama. Kultur
jaringan adalah membudidayakan suatu jaringan tanaman menjadi tanaman kecil
yang mempunyai sifat seperti induknya</span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-1661224994"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:IN'> CITATION
Dai94 \l 1057 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Daisy P.
Sriyanti Hendaryono & Ari Wijayani, 1994)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></w:sdt><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Kultur
jaringan pada dasarnya adalah suatu sistem pertumbuhan sel-sel yang belum
berdiferensiasi, sehingga berkemampuan menghasilkan tanaman-tanaman baru </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-1814554615"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:IN'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Jam91 \l 1057 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(James R. Welsh, 1991)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></w:sdt><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kultur jaringan merupakan cara perbanyakan tanaman secara
vegetatif dalam media buatan yang dilakukan dalam kondisi steril. Metode kultur
jaringan dapat menghasilkan tanaman baru dalam jumlah yang banyak dalam waktu
yang relatif singkat. Hasil kultur jaringan sangat baik dan sangat
menguntungkan. Kultur jaringan pada dasarnya merupakan suatu sistem pertumbuhan
sel-sel yang belum berdiferensiasi, sehingga berkemampuan menghasilkan
tanaman-tanaman baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dasar ilmiah kultur jaringan dalam pelaksanaan teknik
kultur jaringan yang telah berkembang saat ini, sebenarnya didasarkan teori
sel. Teori sel dikemukakan oleh Schleiden dan Schwann, yaitu bahwa sel
mempunyai kemampuan autonom, bahkan mempunyai kemapuan totipotensi. Totipotensi
adalah kemampaun setiap sel, dari mana saja sel tersebut diambil, apabila
diletakkan dalam lingkungan yang sesuai akan dapat tumbuh menjadi tanaman yang
sempurna </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-265076408"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc450711116'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:IN'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Dai94 \l 1057 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Daisy P. Sriyanti Hendaryono & Ari Wijayani,
1994)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc450711116'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></w:sdt><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809063"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808738"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808639"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805532"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789988"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789603"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teknik Kultur Jaringan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teknik kultur jaringan <w:sdt citation="t" id="1155959235"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Dai94 \l 1057 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Daisy P. Sriyanti Hendaryono & Ari Wijayani, 1994)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> antara lain: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Eksplan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teknik
kultur jaringan sebenarnya sangat sederhana, yaitu suatu sel atau irisan jaringan
tanaman yang disebut eksplan. Eksplan secara aseptik diletakkan dan dipelihara
dalam medium padat atau cair yang cocok dan dalam keadaan steril. Eksplan
tumbuh menjadi kalus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kalus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagian
sel pada permukaan irisan tersebut akan mengalami proliferasi dan membentuk
kalus. Kalus akan tumbuh menjadi bibit atau tanaman kecil. Dari satu kalus
biasanya dapat tumbuh menjadi perpuluh-puluh tanaman kecil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Planlet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apabila
kalus yang terbentuk dipindahkan ke dalam medium diferensiasi yang cocok, maka
akan terbentuk tanaman kecil yang lengkap disebut planlet. Dengan teknik kultur
jaringan ini hanya dari satu irisan kecil suatu jaringan tanaman dapat
dihasilkan kalus yang dapat menjadi planlet dalam jumlah yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809064"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808739"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808640"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805533"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789989"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789604"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggunaan
Kultur Jaringan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teknik kultur jaringan telah semakin luas penggunaannya <w:sdt citation="t" id="-741712689"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Dai94 \l
1057 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Daisy P. Sriyanti Hendaryono & Ari Wijayani,
1994)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>,
antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya Meristem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya
jaringan dengan menggunakan eksplan dari jaringan muda atau meristem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya Pollen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya
jaringan dengan menggunakan eksplan dari pollen atau benangsari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya Protoplas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya
jaringan dengan menggunakan eksplan dari protoplas. Protoplas adalah sel hidup
yang telah dihilangkan dinding selnya. Protoplas sebagai suatu hasil isolasi
sel, yang sudah tidak mempunyai dinding sel lagi, yang mengandung selulosa dan
pektin <w:sdt citation="t" id="-982077323"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Moe96 \l 1057 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Moeso Suryowinoto, 1996)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya Kloroplas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budidaya
jaringan dengan menggunakan kloroplas untuk keperluan fusi protopla (memperbaiki
sifat tanaman dengan membuat varietas baru).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Silangan Protoplas
/ Fusi Protoplas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Silangan
protoplas adalah menyilangkan dua macam protoplas menjadi satu, kemudian
dibudidayakan sampai menjadi tanaman kecil yang mempunyai sifat baru.
Persilangan ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan zat kimia atau dengan
listrik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809065"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808740"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808641"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805534"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789990"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789605"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manfaat
Kultur Jaringan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manfaat kultur jaringan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk mendapatkan tanaman
baru dalam jumlah banyak dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, yang mempunyai sifat
fisiologi, dan morfologi sama persis dengan tanaman induknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat dihasilkan
klon suatu komoditas tanaman dalam waktu yang relatif cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kultur jaringan
telah dikenal sebagai usaha mendapatkan varietas baru (unggul) dari suatu jenis
tanaman dalam waktu yang relatif lebih singkat dari pada cara pemulian tanaman
yang harus dilakukan penanaman secara berulang-ulang sampai beberapa generasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk mendapatkan
tanaman baru yang toleran terhadap stress garam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kultur jaringan di
bidang farmasi, dapat menghasilkan metabolit sekunder untuk upaya pembuatan
obat-obatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kultur jaringan
memberikan masukan atau informasi pengetahuan yang bermanfaat di bidang
fisiologi tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Melalui perbanyakan
vegetatif dengan kultur jaringan ternyata juga berpengaruh terhadap devisa
negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">8. Kultur jaringan
dalam perbaikan tanaman dapat menciptakan klon-klon tanaman secara efisien dan
murah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809076"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789617"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode
dan Pelaksanaan Kultur Jaringan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode kultur jaringan dan pelaksanaan kultur jaringan <w:sdt citation="t" id="-2116588971"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Dai94 \l
1057 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Daisy P. Sriyanti Hendaryono & Ari Wijayani,
1994)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809077"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808752"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808653"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805546"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789618"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode
Kultur Jaringan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dilihat dari macam
media tanam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode padat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode
padat dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan kalus dan kemudian dengan
medium deferensiasi yang berguna untuk menumbuhkan akar serta tunas sehingga
kalus dapat tumbuh menjadi planlet. Media padat adalah media yang mengandung
bsemua komponen kimia yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman dan dipadatkan dengan
menambahkan zat pemadat (agar-agar batangan, bubuk, dan kemasan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode cair <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suspensi
sel dapat diartikan sebagai kultur dari sel-sel babas di dalam medium cair.
Tujuan dari suspensi sel adalah untuk memecah kalus menjadi s<i>ingle cell</i>. S<i>ingle cell</i> mempunyai kemampuan untuk tumbuh dan membelah diri
dengan lebih baik dari pada kelompok sel. Pemakaian media cair lebih ditekankan
untuk suspensi sel, yaitu untuk menumbuhkan plb (<i>protokormus</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dilihat dari cara
pemeliharaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di dalam kultur
jaringan terdapat tiga macam cara pemeliharaan, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara satu langkah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara
ini dilakukan apabila menghendaki agar eksplan langsung dapat tumbuh menjadi
kalus dan planlet dalam satu macam medium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara dua langkah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apabila
kalus yang sudah berhasil tumbuh keadaannya setelah beberapa lama tetap menjadi
kalus, berarti kalus ini tidak mau tumbuh menjadi planlet. Apabila kalus
demikian, cara dua langkah ini perlu dilakukan. Kalus dipindahkan ke dalam
medium diferensiasi agar mau menumbuhkan tunas dan akar. Untuk menumbuhkan
ekspan sampai menjadi planlet dibutuhkan dua macam medium. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara tiga langkah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara
tiga langkah untuk mendapatkan planlet yang lengkap dengan tunas dan akar
dibutukan tiga macam medium. Medium pertama untuk menumbuhkan kalus, medium
kedua untuk menumbuhkan tunas, dan medium ketiga untuk menumbuhkan akar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809078"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808753"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808654"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805547"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451789619"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan
Kultur Jaringan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sterilisasi alat
penabur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebelum
digunakan, <i>entkas</i> harus disterilisasi
dengan menggunakan <i>hand sprayer</i>
berisi spiritus atau formalin 10% dan alkohol 70%, dengan perbandingan 1:1.
Setelah <i>entkas</i> disemprot kemudian
dibiarkan 10 menit, baru digunakan. Sterilisasi pada <i>laminair air flow</i> dibenarkan adalah dengan spiritus atau alkohol
70%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sterilisasi alat
dan medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat-alat
<i>dissecting-set </i>dan <i>glass ware</i> yang akan digunakan untuk
kultur jaringan, setelah dicuci dan dikeringkan kemudian dibungkus dengan
kertas payung dan disterilisasi di dalam autoklaf dengan suhu 121'C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> tekanan 15 lb, dan lama sterilisasi 20-30 menit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sterilisasi eksplan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sterilisasi
eksplan dapat dilaksanakan dengan dua cara, yaitu secara mekanis dan secara
kimiawi. Secara mekanis untuk eksplan yang keras dengan membakar di atas lampu
spiritus sebanyak tiga kali. Sterilisasi secara kimiawi digunakan untuk eksplan
yang lunak seperti tangkai daun, daun, dan sebagainya. Bahan kimia yang
digunakan strerilisasi adalah sodium hipokhlorit, mercuri khlorit, dan alkohol
70%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menabur eksplan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menabur
eksplan dilakukan di dalam <i>laminair air
flow</i> dengan kondisi aseptik. Eksplan yang siap untuk ditanam (sudah
steril), dipotong-potong dengan menggunakan skalpel di dalam cawan petri. Potongan
eksplan dimasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer yang berisi media tumbuh, hingga
permukaan yang teriris bersentuhan dengan medium. Erlenmeyer ditutup kembali
dengan aluminium foil dan diinkubasikan. Pada suspensi sel, eksplan tidak
ditanam di dalam medium padat, tetapi dalam medium cair, kemudian diinkubasi di
atas mesin penggojok (shaker). Setelah selesai alat dibersihkan. <i> </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Melaksanakan
sub-kultur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam
waktu satu sampai dua minggu, eksplan akan tumbuh menjadi kalus. Kalus akan
tumbuh pada eksplan di media padat, sedangkan pada eksplan di media cair akan
tumbuh plb. Sub-kultur adalah usaha untuk mengganti media tanam kultur jaringan
dengan media yang baru, sehingga kebutuhan nutrisi untuk pertumbuhan kalus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menumbuhkan Planlet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menumbuhkan
planlet adalah medium deferensiasi yang komponen-komponen kimianya agak berbeda
dengan medium induksi kalus. Terdapat faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi
deferensiasi, seperti intensitas cahaya, suhu, dan kelembaban. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451805551"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808658"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451808757"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451809082"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451808757;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451808658;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451805551;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451809082;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451808757;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451808658;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc451805551;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></h1>
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<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Daisy P.
Sriyanti Hendaryono & Ari Wijayani. (1994). <i>Teknik Kultur Jaringan:
Pengenalan dan Petunjuk Perbanyakan Tanaman secara Vegetatif - Modern.</i>
Yogyakarta: Kanisius.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">James R. Welsh,
a. b. (1991). <i>Dasar-Dasar Genetika dan Pemuliaan Tanaman.</i> Jakarta:
Erlangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-77096486093254673412012-04-04T20:13:00.000-07:002012-04-04T20:13:28.840-07:00MAKALAH KEWIRAUSAHAAN<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: -1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKALAH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: -1.0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Makalah ini disusun guna me<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>menuhi tugas</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mata kuliah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kewirausahaan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dosen pembimbing : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lilik Setiono</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, S.Pd</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.Si</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, M.Pd.Si</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: -1.0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusun Oleh :</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riza Nur Cahyaningtyas</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10690039</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan Fisika</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2012</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Puji serta syukur marilah kita panjatkan kepada kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan begitu banyak nikmat yang mana makhluk-Nya pun tidak akan menyadari begitu banyak nikmat yang telah didapatkan dari Allah SWT. Selain itu, penulis juga merasa sangat bersyukur karena telah mendapatkan hidayah-Nya baik iman maupun islam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan nikmat dan hidayah-Nya pula kami dapat menyelesaikan penulisan makalah ini yang merupakan tugas mata kuliah Kewirausahhan. Penulis sampaikan terimakasih sebesar-besarnya kepada dosen pengampu mata kuliah Kewirausahaan, Lilik Setiono, S.Pd.Si, M.Pd.Si. dan semua pihak yang turut membantu proses penyusunan makalah ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penulis menyadari dalam makalah ini masih begitu banyak kekurangan-kekurangan dan kesalahan-kesalahan baik dari isinya maupun struktur penulisannya, oleh karena itu penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran positif untuk perbaikan dikemudian hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Demikian semoga makalah ini memberikan manfaat umumnya pada para pembaca dan khususnya bagi penulis sendiri. Amin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yogyakarta , 4 April 2012</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penulis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">K<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ewirausahaan</span> (<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Entrepreneurship</span></i>) adalah proses mengidentifikasi, mengembangkan, dan membawa visi ke dalam kehidupan. Visi tersebut bisa berupa ide inovatif, peluang, cara yang lebih baik dalam menjalankan sesuatu. Hasil akhir dari proses tersebut adalah penciptaan usaha baru yang dibentuk pada kondisi risiko atau ketidakpastian.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Wirausaha secara historis sudah dikenal sejak diperkenalkan oleh Richard Castillon pada tahun 1755. Beberapa istilah wirausaha seperti di Belanda dikenadengan <i>ondernemer</i>, di Jerman dikenal dengan <i>unternehmer. </i>Pendidikan kewirausahaan mulai dirintis sejak 1950-an di beberapa negara seperti Eropa, Amerika, dan Kanada. Bahkan sejak 1970-an banyak universitas yang mengajarkan kewirausahaan atau manajemen usaha kecil. Pada tahun 1980-an, hampir 500 sekolah di Amerika Serikat memberikan pendidikan kewirausahaan. DI Indonesia, kewirausahaan dipelajari baru terbatas pada beberapa sekolah atau perguruan tinggi tertentu saja. Sejalan dengan perkembangan dan tantangan seperti adanya krisis ekonomi, pemahaman kewirausahaan baik melalui pendidikan formal maupun pelatihan-pelatihan di segala lapisan masyarakat kewirausahaan menjadi berkembang.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Orang yang melakukan kegiatan kewirausahaan disebut wirausahawan. Muncul pertanyaan mengapa seorang wirausahawan (<i>entrepreneur</i>) mempunyai cara berpikir yang berbeda dari manusia pada umumnya. Mereka mempunyai motivasi, panggilan jiwa, persepsi dan emosi yang sangat terkait dengan nilai nilai, sikap dan perilaku sebagai manusia unggul.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Pada makalah ini dijelaskan tentang pengertian, hakekat, ciri-ciri dan karakteristik dan peran kewirausahaan dalam perekonomian nasional.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topik Bahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian kewirausahaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hakekat kewirausahaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri – ciri dan karakteristik kewirausahaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran kewirausahaan dalam perekonomian nasional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat memahami pengertian kewirausahaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat memahami hakekat kewirausahaan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat memahami ciri – ciri dan karakteristik kewirausahaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapar ,memahami peran kewirausahaan dalam perekonomian nasional.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berasal dari kata enterpteneur yang berarti orang yang membeli barang dengan harga pasti meskipun orang itu belum mengetahui berapa harga barang yang akan dijual. Wirausaha sering juga disebut wiraswasta yang artinya sifat-sifat keberanian, keutamaan, keteladanan dalam mengambil resiko yang bersumber pada kemampuan sendiri. Meski demikian wirausaha dan wiraswasta sebenarnya memiliki arti yang berbeda . Wiraswasta tidak memiliki visi pengembangan usaha sedangkan wirausaha mampu terus berkembang dan mencoba usaha lainnya. Istilah lainnya yang semakna dengan wirausaha adalah wiraswasta. Istilah wiraswasta lebih sering dipakai dan lebih dikenal daripada wirausaha. Padahal, keduanya bermakna sama dan merupakan padanan dari kata entrepreneur. Kata wiraswasta berasal dari gabungan wira-swa-sta dalam bahasa sansekerta. Wira berarti utama, gagah, luhur, berani, teladan, atau pejuang; swa berarti sendiri atau mandiri; sta berarti berdiri; swasta berarti berdiri ditas kaki sendiri atau dengan kata lain berdiri di atas kemampuan sendiri. Sedangkan wirausahawan mengandung arti secara harfah, wira berarti berani dan usaha berarti daya upaya atau dengan kata lain wirausaha adalah kemampuan atau keberanian yang dimiliki oleh seseorang untuk melihat dan menilai kesempatan bisnis, mengumpulkan sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk mengambil tindakan yang tepat dan mengambil keuntungan dalam rangka meraih kesuksesan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan makna-makna tersebut, kata wiraswasta atau wirausaha berarti pejuang yang gagah, luhur, berani dan pantas menjadi teladan di bidang usaha. Dengan kalimat lain, wirausaha adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai sifat-sifat kewiraswastaan atau kewira-usahaan. Ia bersikap berani unuk mengambil resiko. Ia juga memiliki leutamaan, kreatifitas, dan teladan dalam menangani usaha atau perusahaan. Keberaniannya berpijak pada kemampuan sendiri atau kemandiriannya. Pengertian lainnya menyebutkan kewirausahaan adalah proses menciptakan sesuatu yang lain dengan menggunakan waktu dan kegiatan disertai modal dan resiko serta menerima balas jasa dan kepuasan serta kebebasan pribadi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewirausahaan memiliki arti yang berbeda-beda antar para ahli atau sumber acuan karena berbeda-beda titik berat dan penekanannya. Richard Cantillon (1775)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">misalnya, mendefinisikan kewirausahaan sebagai bekerja sendiri (<i>self-employment</i>). Seorang wirausahawan membeli barang saat ini pada harga tertentu dan menjualnya pada masa yang akan datang dengan harga tidak menentu. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jadi definisi inikewirausahaan adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lebih menekankan pada bagaimana seseorang menghadapi risiko atau ketidakpastian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan para ahli lainnya, menurut Penrose (1963) kegiatan kewirausahaan mencakup indentfikasi peluang-peluang di dalam sistem ekonomi sedangkan menurut Harvey Leibenstein (1968, 1979) kewirausahaan mencakup kegiatan yang dibutuhkan untuk menciptakan atau melaksanakan perusahaan pada saat semua pasar belum terbentuk atau belum teridentifikasi dengan jelas, atau komponen fungsi produksinya belum diketahui sepenuhnya</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan menurut Peter Drucker, kewirausahaan adalah kemampuan untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dan berbeda. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Dan Steinhoff dan John F. Burgess (1993:35) wirausaha adalah orang yang mengorganisir, mengelola dan berani menanggung resiko untuk menciptakan usaha baru dan peluang berusaha. Secara esensi pengertian entrepreneurship adalah suatu sikap mental, pandangan, wawasan serta pola pikir dan pola tindak seseorang terhadap tugas-tugas yang menjadi tanggungjawabnya dan selalu berorientasi kepada pelanggan. Atau dapat juga diartikan sebagai semua tindakan dari seseorang yang mampu memberi nilai terhadap tugas dan tanggungjawabnya. Adapun kewirausahaan merupakan sikap mental dan sifat jiwa yang selalu aktif dalam berusaha untuk memajukan karya baktinya dalam rangka upaya meningkatkan pendapatan di dalam kegiatan usahanya. Selain itu kewirausahan adalah kemampuan kreatif dan inovatif yang dijadikan dasar, kiat, dan sumber daya untuk mencari peluang menuju sukses. Inti dari kewirausahaan adalah kemampuan untuk menciptakan seuatu yang baru dan berbeda (create new and different) melaui berpikir kreatif dan bertindak inovatif untuk menciptakan peluang dalam menghadapi tantangan hidup. Pada hakekatnya kewirausahaan adalah sifat, ciri, dan watak seseorang yang memiliki kemauan dalam mewujudkan gagasan inovatif kedalam dunia nyata secara kreatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HAKEKAT KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari beberapa konsep yang ada ada 6 hakekat penting kewirausahaan sebagai berikut ( Suryana,2003 : 13), yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kewirausahaan adalah suatu nilai yang diwujudkan dalam perilaku yang dijadikan dasar sumber daya, tenaga penggerak, tujuan, siasat, kiat, proses, dan hasil bisnis (Acmad Sanusi, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kewirausahaan adalah suatu kemampuan untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dan berbeda (ability to create the new and different) (Drucker, 1959).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kewirausahaan adalah suatu proses penerapan kreativitas dan inovasi dalam memecahkan persoalan dan menemukan peluang untuk memperbaiki kehidupan (Zimmerer. 1996).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kewirausahaan adalah suatu nilai yang diperlukan untuk memulai suatu usaha (start-up phase) dan perkembangan usaha (venture growth) (Soeharto Prawiro, 1997).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kewirausahaan adalah suatu proses dalam mengerjakan sesuatu yang baru (creative), dan sesuatu yang berbeda (inovative) yang bermanfaat memberi nilai lebih.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kewirausahaan adalah usaha menciptakan nilai tambah dengan jalan mengkombinasikan sumber-sumber melaui cara-cara baru dan berbeda untuk memenangkan persaingan. Nilai tambah tersebut dapat diciptakan dengan cara mengembangkan teknologi baru, menemukan pengetahuan baru, menemukan cara baru untuk menghasilkan barang dan jasa yang baru yang lebih efisien, memperbaiki produk dan jasa yang sudah ada, dan menemukan cara baru untuk memberikan kepuasan kepada konsumen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CIRI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- CIRI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DAN KARAKTERISTIK KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri seorang wirausahaan adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percaya diri </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berorientasikan tugas dan hasil </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengambil risiko</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepemimpinan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keorisinilan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berorientasi ke masa depan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jujur dan tekun </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-highlight: white;">Menurut Munawir Yusuf (1999)<br />
Ciri kewirausahaan yaitu:<br />
1. Motivasi berprestasi<br />
2. Kemandirian<br />
3. Kreativitas<br />
4. Pengambilan resiko (sedang)<br />
5. Keuletan<br />
6. Orientasi masa depan<br />
7. Komunikatif dan reflektif<br />
8. Kepemimpinan<br />
9. Locus of Contro<br />
10. Perilaku instrumental<br />
11. Penghargaan terhadap uang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri dan Kemampuan Wirausahaan Tangguh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berpikir dan bertindak strategik, adaptif terhadap perubahan dalam berusaha mencari peluang keuntungan termasuk yang mengandung resiko agak besar dan dalam<br />
mengatasi masalah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu berusaha untuk mendapat keuntungan melalui berbagai keunggulan dalam memuaskan langganan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berusaha mengenal dan mengendalikan kekuatan dan kelemahan perusahaan (dan pengusahanya) serta meningkatkan kemampuan dengan sistem pengendalian intern.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu berusaha meningkatkan kemampuan dan ketangguhan perusahaan terutama dengan pembinaan motivasi dan semangat kerja serta pemupukan permodalan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri seorang wirausahaan adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki sifat keyakinan, kemandirian, individualitas, optimisme. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu berusaha untuk berprestasi, berorientasi pada laba, memiliki ketekunan dan ketabahan, memiliki tekad yang kuat, suka bekerja keras, energik ddan memiliki inisiatif. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki kemampuan mengambil risiko dan suka pada tantangan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bertingkah laku sebagai pemimpin, dapat bergaul dengan orang lain dan suka terhadap saran dan kritik yang membangun. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki inovasi dan kreativitas tinggi, fleksibel, serba bisa dan memiliki jaringan bisnis yang luas. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki persepsi dan cara pandang yang berorientasi pada masa depan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki keyakinan bahwa hidup itu sama dengan kerja keras. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-highlight: white;">Pendapat lain <b>M. Scarborough</b> dan <b>Thomas W. Zimmerer</b> (1993; 6-7 ) mengemungkakan delapan karakteristik yang meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki rasa tanggung jawab atas usaha-usaha yang dilakukannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih memilih risiko yang moderat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percaya akan kemampuan dirinya untuk berhasil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu menghendaki umpan balik yang segera</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berorientasi ke masa depan, perspektif, dan berwawasan jauh ke depan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki semangat kerja dan kerja keras untuk mewujudkan keinginannya demi masa depan yang lebih baik .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki ketrampilan dalam mengorganisasikan sumber daya untuk menciptakan nilai tambah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu menilai prestasi dengan uang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 35.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERAN WIRAUSAHAAN DALAM PEREKONOMIAN NASIONAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang wirausaha berperan baik secara internal maupun eksternal. Secara internal seorang wirausaha berperan dalam mengurangi tingkat kebergantungan terhadap orang lain, meningkatkan kepercayaan diri, serta meningkatkan daya beli pelakunya. Secara eksternal, seorang wirausaha berperan dalam menyediakan lapangan kerja bagi para pencari kerja. Dengan terserapnya tenaga kerja oleh kesempatan kerja yang disediakan oleh seorang wirausaha, tingkat pengangguran secara nasional menjadi berkurang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurunnya tingkat pengangguran berdampak terhadap naiknya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_perkapita" title="Pendapatan perkapita"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendapatan perkapita</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan daya beli masyarakat, serta tumbuhnya perekonomian secara nasional. Selain itu, berdampak pula terhadap menurunnya tingkat kriminalitas yang biasanya ditimbulkan oleh karena tingginya pengangguran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang wirausaha memiliki peran sangat besar dalam melakukan wirausaha. Peran wirausaha dalam perekonomian suatu negara adalah:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menciptakan lapangan kerja</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi pengangguran</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengombinasikan faktor–faktor produksi (alam, tenaga kerja, modal dan keahlian)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan produktivitas nasiona</span></li>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt dotted 425.25pt blank 6.3in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt dotted 425.25pt blank 6.3in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt dotted 425.25pt blank 6.3in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kewirausahaan adalah proses menciptakan sesuatu yang lain dengan menggunakan waktu dan kegiatan disertai modal dan resiko serta menerima balas jasa dan kepuasan serta kebebasan pribadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Kewirausahaan adalah suatu sikap mental, pandangan, wawasan serta pola pikir dan pola tindak seseorang terhadap tugas-tugas yang menjadi tanggungjawabnya dan selalu berorientasi kepada pelanggan. Atau dapat juga diartikan sebagai semua tindakan dari seseorang yang mampu memberi nilai terhadap tugas dan tanggungjawabnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HAKEKAT KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari beberapa konsep yang ada ada 6 hakekat penting kewirausahaan sebagai berikut ( Suryana,2003 : 13), yaitu : nilai, kemampuan, proses penerapan kreativitas dan inovasi, usaha, sesuatu yang baru, dan nilai tambah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CIRI – CIRI DAN KARAKTERISTIK KEWIRAUSAHAAN </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat beberapa ciri – ciri dan karakteristik kewirausahaan. Ciri-ciri seorang wirausahaan adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percaya diri </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berorientasikan tugas dan hasil </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengambil risiko</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepemimpinan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keorisinilan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berorientasi ke masa depan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jujur dan tekun </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik kewirausahaan yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tanggung jawab</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>resiko</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">umpan balik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prioritas ke masa depan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">semangat kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prestasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketrampilan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERAN WIRAUSAHAAN DALAM PEREKONOMIAN NASIONAL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menciptakan lapangan kerja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi pengangguran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengombinasikan faktor–faktor produksi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan produktivitas nasiona</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alhamdulilah berkat kesempatan yang diberikan Allah SWT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makalah ini dapat terselesaikan sesuai waktunya. Demikian yang dapat kami sampaikan dan tulisan dalam makalah ini , jika ada kekurangan maka kami selaku penulis memohon maaf yang sebesar besarnya serta besar harapan kami untuk mendapatkan saran-saran yang bermanfaat.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt dotted 425.25pt blank 6.3in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt dotted 425.25pt blank 6.3in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Anonim”. 2012<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Pengertian Kewirausahaan</i>. diambil dari http://</span> <a href="http://www.bisnis-pengertiankewirausahaan.com/">www.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bisnis-pengertianKewirausahaan.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Pada tanggal 4 Maret 2012.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Anonim”. 2009. <span class="fn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ciri-ciri Kewirausahaan Unggul/Berhasil. </i>diambil dari </span></span><a href="http://ciri-cirikewirausahaanunggul_berhasil.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://ciri-cirikewirausahaanunggul_berhasil.com</span></a><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada tanggal 4 Maret 2012.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Anonim”. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karakteristik Kewirausahaan</i>. diambil dari </span></span><a href="http://karakteristik-wirausahaan.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://karakteristik-wirausahaan.com</span></a><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada tanggal 4 Maret 2012.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Anonim”. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kewirausahaan.</i> diambil dari </span></span><a href="http://kewirausahaan-kang_amin.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://</span>k<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ewirausahaan-kang_amin.com</span></a><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada tangaal 4 Maret 2012.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Anonim”.2012. Kewirausahaan. diambil dari </span></span><a href="http://wikipedia.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wikipedia.com</span></a><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada tanggal 4 Maret 2012. </span></span><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-35332339605840515142012-03-28T19:45:00.000-07:002012-03-28T19:45:33.435-07:00CIRI-CIRI & KARAKTERISTIK KEWIRAUSAHAAN<div align="LEFT" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Ciri-ciri seorang wirausahaan adalah:</span></div><ul><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Percaya diri </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Berorientasikan tugas dan hasil </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Pengambil risiko </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Kepemimpinan </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Keorisinilan </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Berorientasi ke masa depan </span> </div></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Jujur dan tekun </span> <br />
</li>
</ul><div align="LEFT" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">Menurut Munawir Yusuf (1999)<br />
Ciri kewirausahaan yaitu:<br />
1. Motivasi berprestasi<br />
2. Kemandirian<br />
3. Kreativitas<br />
4. Pengambilan resiko (sedang)<br />
5. Keuletan<br />
6. Orientasi masa depan<br />
7. Komunikatif dan reflektif<br />
8. Kepemimpinan<br />
9. Locus of Contro<br />
10. Perilaku instrumental<br />
11. Penghargaan terhadap uang.</span></span></span></span></div><div align="LEFT" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="LEFT" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Ciri dan Kemampuan Wirausahaan Tangguh</span></div><ol><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Berpikir dan bertindak strategik, adaptif terhadap perubahan dalam berusaha mencari peluang keuntungan termasuk yang mengandung resiko agak besar dan dalam<br />
mengatasi masalah.</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Selalu berusaha untuk mendapat keuntungan melalui berbagai keunggulan dalam memuaskan langganan.</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Berusaha mengenal dan mengendalikan kekuatan dan kelemahan perusahaan (dan pengusahanya) serta meningkatkan kemampuan dengan sistem pengendalian intern.</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Selalu berusaha meningkatkan kemampuan dan ketangguhan perusahaan terutama dengan pembinaan motivasi dan semangat kerja serta pemupukan permodalan.</span></div></li>
</ol><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Ciri-ciri seorang wirausahaan adalah:</span><br />
<ul><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki sifat keyakinan, kemandirian, individualitas, optimisme. </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Selalu berusaha untuk berprestasi, berorientasi pada laba, memiliki ketekunan dan ketabahan, memiliki tekad yang kuat, suka bekerja keras, energik ddan memiliki inisiatif. </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki kemampuan mengambil risiko dan suka pada tantangan. </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Bertingkah laku sebagai pemimpin, dapat bergaul dengan orang lain dan suka terhadap saran dan kritik yang membangun. </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki inovasi dan kreativitas tinggi, fleksibel, serba bisa dan memiliki jaringan bisnis yang luas. </span> </div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki persepsi dan cara pandang yang berorientasi pada masa depan. </span> </div></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki keyakinan bahwa hidup itu sama dengan kerja keras. </span> <br />
</li>
</ul><div align="LEFT" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">Pendapat lain </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><b><span style="background: #ffffff;">M. Scarborough</span></b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #ffffff;"> dan </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><b><span style="background: #ffffff;">Thomas W. Zimmerer</span></b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #ffffff;"> (1993; 6-7 ) mengemungkakan delapan karakteristik yang meliputi :</span></span></span></span></div><ol><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki rasa tanggung jawab atas usaha-usaha yang dilakukannya.</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Lebih memilih risiko yang moderat.</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Percaya akan kemampuan dirinya untuk berhasil</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Selalu menghendaki umpan balik yang segera</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Berorientasi ke masa depan, perspektif, dan berwawasan jauh ke depan</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki semangat kerja dan kerja keras untuk mewujudkan keinginannya demi masa depan yang lebih baik .</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Memiliki ketrampilan dalam mengorganisasikan sumber daya untuk menciptakan nilai tambah</span></div></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">Selalu menilai prestasi dengan uang.</span><br />
</li>
</ol>Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-40330190013991189032012-03-07T00:33:00.000-08:002012-03-07T00:33:19.951-08:00tugas kewirausahaan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: RIZA NUR CAHYANINGTYAS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 10690039</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PRODI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: PENDIDIKAN FISIKA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuliah Kewirausahaan, hari jum’at tanggal 2 maret 2012 jam 15.00 sampai 16.30.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran kewirausahaan yang saya bayangkan sebelumnya, dengan saya jalani sekarang sangat berbeda. Tak aku duga dan tak aku sangka, ternyata kewirausahaannya langsung diterapkan. Kata temen-temen, kewirausahaan itu ada teori, hitungan juga. Berbeda dengan kewirausahaan yang diajarkan oleh Dosen saya Pak Lilik Setiono. Dari mulai pertemuan pertama sampai ketiga, kita belum masuk materi atau buku panduan kewirausahaan sama sekali. Tapi saya senang dengan pengajaran seperti ini, baru kali ini mengalami pembelajaran seperti ini. Pembelajaran kita lebih semacam pelatihan motivasi, cerita-cerita, dan mulai dibuka jiwa kewirausahaan kita. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewirausahaan yang saya kira, seperti orang yang harus memerlukan modal uang yang cukup dan keahlian. Namun kewirausahaan juga bisa dengan pikiran atau ide kita, dengan membuat suatu dari kreatifitas kita dan mempertahankan ide kita.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran yang dilakukan pada kuliah ini, membuat kita sebagai mahasiswa menjadi aktif dan apa yang diintruksikan oleh dosen kita, kita melaksanakan dengan senang hati dan tanpa beban. Pada pertemuan ini, pertama dengan dosen mengintruksikan kepada kita untuk menggambar di depan papan tulis. Kelompok sebelah kanan menggambar jerapah dan yang sebelah kiri menggambar sapi. Menggambarkannya di papan tulis, dengan segaris saja tiap mahasiswa. Saya dan temen – temen kebanyakan 2010 menggambar jerapah. Menggambarnya di mulai dari tempat duduk depan sampai belakang. Gambar jerapah menurut saya lebih bagus sedikit dari pada yang sapi. Setidaknya gambar kita hampir menyerupai jerapah dan ada tulisannya jerapah. Setelah itu kita diberi waktu untuk berdiskusi dengan teman sekelompok, tentang pembagian menggambar jerapah di papan tulis. Setelah itu kita disuruh menggambar lagi jerapah mulai dari tempat duduk belakang ke depan. Menurut saya lebih bagus dari pada yang pertama dan kelompok kita diberi tulisan jerapah imut. Menggambarnya selesai, setelah itu perwakilan kelompok dua orang untuk menjelaskan gambar yang telah kita buat bersama - sama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran kuliah ini yang kedua, kita diintruksikan untuk berkelompok<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maksimal tujuh orang, untuk membuat menara setinggi mungkin. Kelomok saya yang beranggotakan enam orang yaitu saya (Riza), Ningsih, Khotimatul, Sarah, Atik, dan cowok sendiri Heri. Kelompok saya membuat menara penangkal hujan. Barang – barang yang kita gunakan kursi, payung, dan tas. Kita diberi waktu beberapa menit untuk menyusunnya menjadi menara yang tinggi, awalnya kita ada dua payang. Setelah waktunya habis, payang kita jatuh satu. Dan kelompok kita belum apa – apa sudah jatuh. Setelah itu kelompok kita menara penangkal hujan menggunakan satu payung. Filosofi dari menara penangkal hujan ini sangat bagus sekali. Tentang kita sebagai manusia harus menjaga hubungan kita dengan Allah, hubungan kita dengan manusia lainnya, dan hubungan kita dengan dengan makhluk lainnya (tumbuh - tumbuhana dan hewan). Setelah itu kita dari perwakilan kelompok untuk menjelaskan menara yang telah kita buat. Setelah itu debat perkelompok untuk tetap mempertahankan menara yang telah kita buat bersama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pembelajaran ini kita belajar untuk menjadi kewirausahaan. Kita belajar untuk mempromosikan dan tetap mempertahankan apa yang telah kita buat bersama, dengan gambar jerapah dan menara penangkal hujan. Pembelajaran ini menjadikan kita aktif dan menunjukkan apa yang kita punya. Menjadi kewirausahaan tidak hanya yang mempunyai uang banyak saja, tetapi juga bisa dengan pikiran atau ide yang kita punya. Semua orang bisa menjadi kewirausahaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-78021843907297157262011-06-14T23:25:00.001-07:002011-06-14T23:25:46.430-07:00Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-77539938170218968752011-06-14T03:15:00.000-07:002011-06-14T03:15:11.245-07:00tes ictbzk tes ict...............Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-71974479266247135312011-06-14T02:56:00.000-07:002011-06-14T02:56:29.939-07:00tes ictyuk..... ah.............Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-23417805119426496242011-06-08T00:02:00.000-07:002011-06-08T00:02:22.570-07:00dolphinRiza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-73777337927055223902011-06-07T23:56:00.001-07:002011-06-07T23:56:31.761-07:00dolphindolphin.Q Say..............................Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-6634310372394473252011-06-07T23:52:00.001-07:002011-06-07T23:52:49.843-07:00pelatihanhr nieRiza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-59158905808514513762011-06-07T23:48:00.005-07:002011-06-07T23:48:54.891-07:00palatihanoh.....y.....Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-61570090820640659652011-06-07T23:35:00.000-07:002011-06-07T23:37:38.881-07:00biru.............................<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/SIC-UIN/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Add caption</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-75339992592190694462011-06-07T23:26:00.000-07:002011-06-07T23:26:22.159-07:00komputerkomputer adalah............................Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-79374408488618232942011-06-07T23:23:00.000-07:002011-06-07T23:23:19.680-07:00TIK<div style="text-align: center;">Microsoft word 2007</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div>Riza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1231019951851589186.post-61192682591728869492011-06-07T23:15:00.001-07:002011-06-07T23:34:18.633-07:00pelatihan<img alt="" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/SIC-UIN/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--q-oqCtqQws/Te8XBVVUZHI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jXo3BolwMeo/s1600/Blue+hills.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--q-oqCtqQws/Te8XBVVUZHI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jXo3BolwMeo/s1600/Blue+hills.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--q-oqCtqQws/Te8XBVVUZHI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jXo3BolwMeo/s1600/Blue+hills.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
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</a></div>pelatihan hari rabu 12.30 sicRiza Nur Cahyaningtyashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877944812279103696noreply@blogger.com0